[9][10] They were then renamed to Milice Civile (Civilian Militia), and after 1962, Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Volunteers of the National Security, or VSN). Deveaux is a character in the Dexter Comics. Israeli hostages, apparently the victims of a hand grenade tossed by a terrorist into one of the helicopter's cabins (Hoffman, 1998, pp. [24], The Tonton Macoute remained active even after the presidency of "Papa Doc" Duvalier's son "Baby Doc" ended in 1986,[25] at the height of the Anti-Duvalierprotestmovement. a top Duvalier official with close ties to the feared Tonton Macoutes and alleged planner of a 1988 attack on . APPEL SOLENNEL de Grald BLONCOURT. The fillette lalo, on the other hand, has a more fictional origin. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared themselves. His cruelty earned him the nickname "Vampire of the Caribbean". Tonton Macoute When I was a child growing up in Haiti my mother would tell me stories of Tonton Macoute. Gerda Benoit-Prval, far right, with Tonton Macoute-type eyeglasses. or Baby Doc, the Tonton Macoutes and their henchmen killed between 30,00 and 60,000 . Anyone who challenged the MVSN risked assassination. Anthropological Reflections on Religion and Violence", "5. They were responsible for unknown numbers of murders and rapesinHaiti. They signed to RCA, which placed them in a group of bands (Spring, Dando Shaft, Raw Material, Indian Summer) issued on the labels short-lived underground division, Neon. Another victim had an even . Available in a range of colours and styles for men, women, and . These children were carried away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. Afterwards, French folded the band to become a teacher. The U.S. has been an active supporter, albeit from the shadows, even years after the Tonton Macoute reign of violence officially was over. ( from 20th c.) 2011, Kim Ives, The Guardian, 22 March: Every Macoute received a card that afforded him many privileges, like free merchandise from any store he entered, entitlement to coerced sex, and fear and respect from people in general. . His brutality was manifest whenever there was a shortage of what he considered raw material (corpses). . Later, he profited by supplying corpses and blood to universities and hospitals in the United States. Cambronne did this through his company "Hemocaribian" and shipped five tons of plasma per month to US Labs. Victims of a massacre conducted by attache paramilitaries working with police and military forces in 1987. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier. [7][20][21] Even their title of Tonton Macoute was embedded in Haitian lore of a bogeyman who took children away in his satchel or his Makoute. This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 02:18. In 1959, his paramilitary force was called the Cagoulards ("Hooded Men"). Cambronne moved to Miami, Florida, US, where he lived until his death in 2006. Before cofounding the FRAPH, Chamblain had served with the Tonton Macoutes, the infamous paramilitary arm of the Duvalier dictatorship, which according to human rights organizations was responsible for killing tens of thousands of people and victimizing many more. KREATIVT MATERIAL. What this means is that "the 'Tontons Macoutes' were part of a conscious strategy to identify spiritual forces and nationalism with loyalty to Duvalier, and to instill fear in [his] opponents." He was better known by his creepy nickname . Grave digger Deslhomme Destine clears out one of about 30 graves for unclaimed and unidentified earthquake victims February 25, 2010 in Titanyen,. LHerisson served in the Tonton Macoutes, the militia that terrorized Haiti on behalf of the late dictator Francois Papa Doc Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude, the president-for-life who fled the country a year ago. Select from premium The Tonton Macoutes of the highest quality. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods The diversity of the victims was also a measure of the Macoutes cruelty. The diversity of the victims was also a measure of the "Macoutes'" cruelty. To install click the Add extension button. Keyboardist/vocalist Paul French reemerged at decades end with art-rockers Voyager, which issued three albums between 1979 and 1981. The Tonton Macoutes, a secret police force loyal to Duvalier and his father who ruled before him, have been accused of kidnapping, torturing and killing up to 30,000 suspected opponents during the 1960s and 1970s. . Change). Alix introduced the man with his arm in a sling as Eloise Maitre. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier). The Benefits Of Serving God Sermon, . . In 1977, he formed the Paul French Connection for the Arista single Halfway Hotel. That band morphed into melodic-rockers Voyager, which issued three albums between 1979 and 1981. In exuberance of celebration the Tonton Macoute went out into the streets and shot 27 people for the national party. According to testimony, brothers Gerald and Gary Piquion were killed Feb. 8, 1965, when L'Herisson fired into the crowd at a pre-Lenten Carnival celebration. On Oct. 2, 2020, university student leader, law student and teacher-in-training Gregory Saint-Hilaire was shot in the back inside of the university by Jovenel Moise's special security unit within the Haitian police that had illegally invaded the campus. used kompact kamp mini mate for sale. The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout ) or simply the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois Papa Doc Duvalier. Wikipedia: Madame Max Adolphe was the right hand woman of Franois Duvalier during his presidency in Haiti.Adolphe, then known as Rosalie Bosquet, came to the attention of Francois during an attempt on his life. Tonton Macoutes murdered over 60,000 Haitians. His cruelty earned him the nickname "Vampire of . He renamed the Tonton Macoutes, a much feared group of secret police who served "Papa Doc . . Filan, Kenaz (2007). The Roots of Haitian Vodou". AnthropologicalReflectionsonReligionandViolence", "5. Your email address will not be published. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Collections; . Macoute Blood Marilise was eighteen in the fall of 1992, when she boarded a boat leaving Haiti. Updated November 6, 2012 6:40 AM. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. This particular name was earned by one of his endeavors of extorting blood plasma from locals for sale. Pierre said an angry crowd of 2,500 people filled the courtroom and streets outside and special security measures were taken to prevent LHerisson from being lynched. Cambronne moved to Miami, Florida, US, where he lived until his death in 2006. Since Tolkien's heroines have been both praised and severely criticized, this paper will, first One such man died recently. From their methods to their choice of clothes, Vodou always played an important role in their actions. Ten na to reagoval tm, e se obklopil vrnmi ernmi venkovany, kte zahjili brutln represe proti . About 15-20 former Tonton Macoutes have been tried since Duvalier fled and nearly all have been convicted, said a . Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. Leaving Home 4. Dessalines is capriciously beaten and finally killed by Macoute soldiers during Sophie's trip to Haiti with . 'I,Too,WanttoBeaBigMan':TheMakingofaHaitian'BoatPeople', "TheTontonMacoutes:TheCentralNervousSystemofHaiti'sReignofTerror", "1. Tonton Macoute. Showing Editorial results for tonton macoutes. Luckner Cambronne led the Tonton Macoute throughout the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. Tonton Macoutes. Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? They were responsible for unknown numbers of murders and rapes in Haiti. He worked as Steve Gonzalez' personal security due to his military expertise, until his demise in Issue #3 of the Dexter comic. Hull City Wages, [9][11] They began to be called the Tonton Macoute when people started to disappear for no apparent reason. . The tonton macoute is an unnatural human, a perverted peasant who uses his macoute (a traditional bag) to trap children. According to testimony, brothers Gerald and Gary Piquion were killed Feb. 8, 1965, when L'Herisson fired into the crowd at a pre-Lenten Carnival celebration. He became president at age 19, the youngest in the world, after the death of his . but in order to intimidate or prevent the victim from participating in a current or future . [22] They appeared in force again at polls in 1964, when Duvalier held aconstitutionalreferendum that declared him presidentforlife. . Information on the situation and treatment of former Tonton Macoutes and whether their family members are targeted by the chimres, members of the Lavalas movement or state actors was scarce among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate. This religious affiliation gave the Macoutes a kind of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public. . Peasant land holdings had been confiscated and alotted to Tonton Macoute bigwigs, the miserable slums in Port-au-Prince swelled with the homeless and desperate country folk who had fled to the capital seeking meagre incomes to feed themselves. In the TV series "Two and a Half Men", Season 3 Episode 17: "The Unfortunate Little Schnauzer", Archie Baldwin makes a reference to Tonton Macoute in his UN jingle for orphaned children. Here are some excerpts from the report, with a link to the full text below. Creole for "Uncle Bogeyman." Refers to the private militia first conscripted under Francois Duvalier, Haitian president from 1957-1971, and formally known as the VSN (Volontaires de la Scurite Nationale). About 15-20 former Tonton Macoutes have been tried since Duvalier fled and nearly all have been convicted, said a . dayton, ohio shooting; nrl footy tab. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier). Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. Duvalier created the militia, because he felt threatened by the Haitian army. Chenet, who trained atLe Centre dArt in Port au Prince and at the School of Visual Arts in New York City,has a wonderful series of political paintings called Turbulent Years, which you can see, together with a sampling of other work, at http://burtonchenet.com/turbulent_years.php#img/turbulent years/6.jpg. . Names Similar To Chloe, Jean-Claude kept the militia after his father died in 1971. When the Hospital could not supply this, the local funeral homes would be used. A third victim, Durier Cadet, was paralyzed and died 2 1/2 years later. He stated once in the British newspaper The Independent that a good Duvalierist is prepared to kill his children (for Duvalier) and expects his children to kill their parents for him. . connect4education register; don't be a felix cdcr video; westfield knox redevelopment 2020 Organize, control, distribute and measure all of your digital content. Trained in part by the CIA, SAVAK was an extremely repressive police force in a society that dealt with dissidents swiftly. [12] This group answered to him only. The imagery was photographed and illustrated by Keef (aka Keith MacMillan) in a style similar to his other covers from the period, as seen on titles by Rod Stewart (An Old Raincoat Wont Ever Let You Down), Colosseum (Valentyne Suite), Affinity (Affinity), and Beggars Opera (Act One). p. 21. Tonton Macoute had its roots in The Dick Scott Company, formed in 1966 by guitarist/singer Dick Scott, a one-time backing player for Screaming Lord Sutch. Natural resources of Haiti include bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble and hydropower. According to testimony, brothers Gerald and Gary Piquion were killed Feb. 8, 1965, when L'Herisson fired into the crowd at a pre-Lenten Carnival celebration. The regimes of both leaders tortured and killed political opponents and relied on a dreaded civilian militia known as the Tonton Macoutes. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier). The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout) or simply as the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. California 5th Congressional District Candidates, Grave digger Deslhomme Destine clears out one of about 30 graves for unclaimed and unidentified earthquake victims February 25, 2010 in Titanyen,. PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti (AP) _ A former member of the Duvalier familys private army has been sentenced to death for killing three people by firing a machine gun into a Carnival party in 1965, a court official said Thursday. KREATIVT MATERIAL. englewood section 8 housing. Indeed, it even impeded accountability by removing to the U.S. thousands of documents from military and paramilitary headquarters, allowing notorious abusers to flee Haiti, and repeatedly giving safe haven to paramilitary leaders., The Tonton Macoutes: Legacy and Transformation. . The other members regrouped in England, where they adopted a new style and name, Tonton Macoute, taken from the Haitian folkloric character who abducted and banished children who roamed the streets after dark. Although the United States was a preeminently active and interested participant in the development of Haitis political culture, it failed to speak out against such atrocitiesnot even during human rights-focused administrations such as Jimmy Cartersas a result of Cold War logic. The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. Tontons Macoutes stoned and burned people alive. The Tonton Macoutes cut out the hearts, eyes and lungs of opponents with machetes, while Papa Doc, who stole almost a billion pounds in foreign aid, insisted that every television and radio . In February, white-piloted Rhodesian planes raided a Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU) guerrilla camp 185 miles inside Angola in the . The Haitian Vodou Handbook: Protocols for Riding with the Lwa. . Read more . In his most extensive public statement since his surprise return to Haiti, former dictator Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier said it was the devastating earthquake last year that brought him back. The Role of the U.S. For decades, the situation in Haiti kept deteriorating without any calls for international intervention. Haiti under Duvalier was, in effect, a police state. The Tontons Macoutes murdered between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. Tonton Macoutes Duvalier's Fiendish Legacy. Luckner climbed rapidly up Haitis power structure and he became the chief plotter of the extortions carried out by his henchmen. . [21] Massacres led by paramilitary groups spawned from the Macoutes continued during the following decade. . In 1971, President Duvalier died and his widow Simone, and son Baby Doc Duvalier ordered Cambronne into exile. . 20 ribeyes for $29 backyard butchers; difference between bailment and contract. Millions of high-quality images, video, and music options are waiting for you. Tap into Getty Images' global scale, data-driven insights, and network of more than 340,000 creators to create content exclusively for your brand. Tonton Macoute ridden by Fran Berry win The Saadiyat Handicap during the Guineas Spring Festival at The Curragh Racecourse, Co Kildare, Ireland. Duality is especially seen in the character of Ka who exists both as the child of a Tonton Macoute torturer and as the niece of a man who was killed by that same Tonton Macoute member. [22] They appeared in force again at polls in 1964, when Duvalier held a constitutional referendum that declared him president for life. 1. Papa Doc Duvalier established the Volunteers for National Security - which Haitians called Tonton Macoutes, or bogeymen - in 1958 to intimidate or eliminate political opposition. 16 Jun June 16, 2022. tonton macoute victims. 4.00. In the TV series "Two and a Half Men", Season 3 Episode 17: "The Unfortunate Little Schnauzer", Archie Baldwin makes a reference to Tonton Macoute in his UN jingle for orphaned children. French remained sporadically active during the next half-decade, issuing the 1973 single Slow Foxtrots on Northern Dance Services and two 1974 singles (Life Is Grand and Love Letter Blues) on CBS (UK). The other members regrouped in England, where they adopted a new style and name, Tonton Macoute, taken from the Haitian folkloric character who abducted and banished children who roamed the streets after dark. Boards are the best place to save images and video clips. Some of the former Tonton Macoutes fled the country while many who remained were subject to violent reprisal. Made of hundreds of individual staples, for each victim of the regime who perished in one of its many crimes, . There has been no justice for Jean-Marie Vincent, just as there has been no justice for most of the victims of the "land conflicts" and politically-motivated massacres of which Jean Rabel was only one. . In 1964 Duvalier, by then firmly in control, had himself elected president for life. Posted on Posted inArtistsTagged England, Tonton Macoute, TriMax Spring. In 1971, Francois Duvalier suddenly died of an illness and named his son to succeed him. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to "donate" money for public works (which were the source of . Unique Album For My Unique SubscribersVinyl Rip (LP 1971)Tonton Macoute was a progressive jazz/rock band formed in the UK in 1971 from the remaining 4 musicians of Windmill after the death of lead singer/guitarist Dick Scott in a road accident whilst on tour. In 1970 the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). After the July 1958 Haitian coup d'tat attempt against President Franois Duvalier, he disbanded the army and all law enforcement agencies in Haiti and executed numerous officers. How to say tonton macoute in English? In 1959, only two years after becoming president, Papa Doc created a paramilitary force that would report only to him and would be fully empowered to use unremitting violence to maintain the new administrations authority to summarily dispose of its enemies. Prv CD obsahuje pvodn debut z roku 1971 a druh obsahuje v podstate aksi remake, prepracovania pvodnch skladieb vytvorench samotnou . The dictators hold on power was guaranteed by the secret polices terror campaign, and usually, the head of the Macoutes, was considered to be extremely close to the dictator. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused comply with extortion threats . They could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had the temerity to support an opposing politician, all the way to an accommodating foreign diplomat or even a business man who refused to donate money for public works (the public works being the pockets of corrupt officials and even the dictator himself). Saint-Hilaire was an outspoken pro-democracy activist who had been calling upon students . [14] In 1971, President Duvalier died[15] and his widow Simone, and son Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier ordered Cambronne into exile. Macoutes) A member of the Tonton Macoutes in Haiti; by extension, a thug or criminal. Kentucky Fire Trucks Lagrange, Tonton Macoute. Flight . Must it be transnational, originating in one country but targeting another, . In author Shannon Mayers Forty-Proof series, the 4th installment (titled Midlife Ghost Hunter) uses a voodoo zombie army called the Tonton Macoutes as the main villains army. It sees the band divided into two songwriting pairs: Knowles/French (side A) and Gavin/Reveler (side B). Side one contains three group-composed pieces: Just Like Stone, Dont Make Me Cry, and Flying South in Winter.. The experience underscored to me that there were many hidden stories from that dictatorship, and thousands of nameless victims. Posted on Saturday, December 28, 2013 . get to the top, Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati, The track "Tonton Macoutes" appears on the 1987 album Coup d'Etat by. The diversity of the victims was also a measure of the "Macoutes'" cruelty. Hes issued solo material at a slowed pace in the decades since. Filan, Kenaz (2007). In that case, he did not hesitate to kill innocent people to facilitate the growth of his industry. . He was a former member of the Tonton Macoute who was supposedly reformed of his old ways while as a member of the New Hope Foundation. or Baby Doc, the Tonton Macoutes and their henchmen killed between 30,00 and 60,000 . Tonton Macoute day was 29 July 1985, and amongst festivities the group was bestowed new uniforms and was honored by all of Baby Doc's cabinet. Security, commonly known as the Tontons Macoutes (a Haitian Creole . . The pair had just ventured into psychedelia with the 1969 concept album Ark 2, recorded by soul-psych rockers Flaming Youth (featuring a young Phil Collins). "Tonton Macoutes" style death squad; $100; 000 ransom; 17-year UN . Certainly, the main tool for the maintenance of the regimes grasp on the population through much of this period was the Tonton Macoutes, renamed in 1971 as the Milice de Voluntaires de la Scurit Nationale MVSN (Volunteers for National Security). 71-72 . . Her boyfriend, Franfrico, was with her. Dexter: Issue 2 Dexter: Issue 3 After encountering Deveaux at Steve Gonzalez's office . More often, though, much like their folkloric namesake, the Tonton Macoute simply spirited people away in the night. p. 21. The nearly thirty years of harsh rule under Franois Papa Doc Duvalier, and his son, Jean-Claude Baby Doc Duvalier that ended in 1986, are likely the most infamous epoch in the painful history of this small French-Creole nation that occupies the western third of the Caribbean island of La Hispaniola. Twentieth-century Haitian history is inscribed with the . "Uncle Gunnysack." A bogeyman of Haitian Creole folklore. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared themselves. October 4, 2014. Vlj mellan premium The Tonton Macoutes av hgsta kvalitet. These ghosts from the past still torment Haitian and U.S. policy: last year a group of civic activists accused the Obama administration of turning a blind-eye to the criminal activity being practiced against Aristide backers and supporters of his Fanmi Lavalas party. Bernard Diederich lived in Haiti for 14 years and had personal experience of the early Duvalier days and the period of Maloire's rule. Consequently, a number of small paramilitary bodies were organized to work with these mafias as stability keepers. "I didn't bother with children," he said. Plot Summary:The victim of a twisted mans artistic fantasies awakens to find himself tied to a chair with his mouth grotesquely sewn shut. The Tontons Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. Deveaux is a character in the Dexter Comics. Mythological and Fantastic Female Communities Breath, Eyes, Memory", "DUVALIER FLEES HAITI TO END FAMILY'S 28 YEARS IN POWER: GENERAL LEADS NEW REGIME; 20 REPORTED DEAD", "Revolutionary Front for Haitian Advancement and Progress (FRAPH) Front Rvolutionnaire pour L'Avancement et le Progress Haitien (FRAPH)", "Muslimgauze.org - Discography - Coup D'Etat", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonton_Macoute&oldid=1136386311, Paramilitary organizations based in Haiti, Defunct law enforcement agencies of Haiti, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from September 2014, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Haitian Creole-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Several semi-legal paramilitary organizations, The track "Tonton Macoutes" appears on the 1987 album. Tonton Macoute is the common name for a Haitian militia founded in 1959 under the control of the dictator Franois Duvalier.From 1971 it carried the name Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, or MVSN for short ("National Security Militia made up of volunteers"). Big Bertha, with its fuzzy organ, snaky flute, booming drums, gritty vocals, and complex harmonies, demonstrates their soul-psych penchant across its stop/start structure. They were responsible for unknown numbers of murders and rapes in Haiti. 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[7] Inhabiting a liminal position, Ka represents Haiti where the victimizers and victims live together in shared memory. Members: Paul French (keyboards, vocals), Chris Gavin (guitar, bass), Dave Knowles (woodwinds, vocals), Nigel Reveler (drums). The Roots of Haitian Vodou". As a victim of rape myself I know how life-shattering this is for the female and possibly even more so male victims. Dexter: Issue 2 Dexter: Issue 3 After encountering Deveaux at Steve Gonzalez's office . Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Their murderous militia, the Tonton Macoutes, allegedly killed more than 30,000 opponents. The victim was thrown into a stone bag without trial or investigation, or simply killed, and all his . He would also go on to sell cadavers to medical schools after buying them from Haitian hospitals for $3 per corpse. . But even what is known about the 29 years of Duvalier rule is barely taught in Haitian schools. He gave power to Tonton Macoute to carry out systematic violence and abuse of human rights to curb any kind of political opposition against him. Some of the victims of Fort Dimanche have brought charges against Duvalier like soccer coach, . He walked the streets at night, looking for children who stayed out too late. The "tonton macoutes" were disbanded in 1986 after Jean-Claude Duvalier went into exile. The Tonton Macoutes . In 1970 the militia was renamed the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, perhaps named after the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organisation). Alix Filsaime, said, "What we're saying here is, 'Never again.' After the July 1958 Haitian coup d'tat attempt against President Franois Duvalier, he purged the army and law enforcement agencies in Haiti and executed numerous officers as he perceived them as a threat to his regime. To counteract this threat, he created a military force that bore several names. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to "donate" money for public works (which were the source of profit for corrupt officials and even the dictator himself). A jury sentenced Aderbal LHerisson on Tuesday to death by firing squad, according to Joseph Pierre, executive agent of the Tribunal of Peace in Cap Haitien, Haitis second-largest city, 200 miles northeast of Port-au-Prince. Stalinist era, in the depredations of Papa Doc's Tonton Macoutes, or in the horror of Pol Pot's killing elds? by American blues guitarist and former Otis Redding-sideman Johnny Jenkins, released on ATCO/Capricorn with backing by members of the Allman Brothers. The fall of Duvalierism resulted in the disbanding of the MVSN. Jean-Claude Duvalier, who once ruled the benighted country of Haiti, succumbed to a heart attack last Saturday at age 63. Tonton Macoutes (properly Tonton-Makout or Tontonmakout, sing.