In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. 1. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Diarrhea. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. C) the severity and duration of the problem. Disorganized Thinking. c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. b. life expectancy has reached a new high. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Fever. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. As we grow older, we sleep less. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Delusions. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. a. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). . Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Guilleminault et al. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Loss of appetite. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. B) the cause of the problem. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. . If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist.