As the air rises, it cools, condenses and forms rain. Grasslands both flooded and non-flooded also occur there . Heavy rainfall has driven flash and riverine flooding in Zambia, including in areas previously impacted A The continent is made up of very old Flat maps represent relief in a variety of ways. Flash floods after unusually heavy rain cause damage when they occur in places that do not experience annual floods. [3][citation needed]. Zambia covers a total area of 752,612 km2 including borders, and lies between 8 and 18 south latitudes and longitudes 22 and 34 east. The main sites are: This biome covers an area of only about 100km on the northern border with Malawi, being an extension of a much larger area in Malawi and Tanzania, and so is frequently not counted as present in Zambia. Zambia is in the Zambezian region of the Afrotropical biogeographic realm (or ecozone). Zambia has a sub-tropical climate that is tempered by its relatively high altitude, making it more temperate and pleasant than other sub-tropical areas. The plan is concerned with both the development of gender-responsive actions in response to climate change and the capacity to implement such plans. Projected Weather and Climate. Prevailing winds in the dry season are generally moderate but occasionally more severe and may bring cool dust-laden air from distant arid regions. Peshawar is located at higher altitude than Quetta so moist winds easily reach their. Changing rates of rainforest deforestation. Much of the economic, cultural and social life of the country is dominated by the onset and end of the rainy season, and the amount of rain it brings. Heavily Indebted Poor C ountry (HIPC), Zambia has recently qualified for debt relief under the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). Copy. Gwembe and Siavonga districts in the south are amongst the hardest-hit by the recent rains, while Mambwe and Lumezi districts in the east, as well as the countrys capital, Lusaka, faced flash floods earlier in January. How reliable are economic indicators of development? Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Landforms, Coastal Management and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Erosion, Coastal Management, Deposition and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Internet Geography Plus Terms and Conditions. The average number of hot days1 and hot nights per year in Zambia have increased while the A rain shadow is a dry area on the lee side of a mountainous area. Flooding in some parts of Lusaka. The African plateau is underlain primarily by Precambrian rock that dates back to more than 600 years. The southern and western areas of the country have this year experienced their lowest rainfall since 1981, as well . Frontal Rainfall. The dry season is influenced by the Harmattan wind from the Sahara. Figure 5 Extent of Desertification in Zambia Figure 6 Annual Rainfall (mm) per Province Figure 7 Maize production (kg) from 1987 to 1999 . The Indian Savanna is characterized by the highest temperature (being 45C- 48C in May and June) and lowest temperature (being 5C or even less during the month of January . Landforms in the middle course of a river. The biomes and ecoregions in the ecology of Zambia are described, listed and mapped here, following the World Wildlife Fund's classification scheme for terrestrial ecoregions, and the WWF freshwater ecoregion classification for rivers, lakes and wetlands. Prior to the current 2005/06 season, the ZMD predicted normal to above normal rainfall for most parts of Zambia. agriculture Of late, droughts have been crippling the nation and have contributed to the already low life-expectancy GEOLOGY, RELIEF AND DRAINAGE Fig 2.1a page 26 . In the north, rain only falls from June to September in the range of 500 mm to 750 mm. Study it carefully and follow the route of the water. As a country with very distinct rainy and dry seasons, with a high rainfall in the former, and having a fairly flat topography, Zambian rivers and low-lying areas are prone to flooding, and there are extensive permanent swamps. However, except in the case of the last ecoregion listed, even where the canopy is extensive, at ground level the woodland is relatively open, affording quite easy passage by animals and people. Highland areas to the west receive the most annual rainfall compared to the low-lying areas in the east. How did the temperate deciduous woodland get like this? Relief rain. The Llanos of Columbia is characterized by mean annual rainfall of 200cm-400cm (near Andes Mountain), mean annual temperature of 22C, and maximum temperature of 32C. How has demand for water in the UK changed? [1], Rainfall varies over a range of 500 to 1,400mm (19.7 to 55.1in) per year (most areas fall into the range of 700 to 1,200mm or 27.6 to 47.2in). There are two main seasons: the rainy season (November to April) corresponding to summer, and the dry season (May to October/November), corresponding to winter. As the air rises it cools and condenses. None of the country is considered arid or to be desert. Relief Rainfall. Relief rainfall is formed when the air cools as it rises over relief features in the landscape such as hills or mountains. Sue is an award-winning writer who specializes in African travel and conservation. The . Dry season May to October Winter. The country does not suffer tornadoes or cyclones of widespread destructive force. [14] Zambia is considered vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because the majority of the population rely on agriculture for their livelihoods - and changes in rainfall patterns has a negative impact due to the rainfed nature of production. The highest rainfall is in the north (about 1200mm - all figures are annual amounts), especially the north-west (1400mm), decreasing towards the south (around 700mm); the driest areas are in the Luangwa and middle Zambezi valleys (500mm). The dry season is subdivided into the cool dry season (May to August), and the hot dry season (September to October/November). Much of population is concentrated in the country's most developed areaknown as the Line of Railwhich is served by the railway linking the Copperbelt with . Because such fires happen annually, there is no great buildup of dry fuel in the bush, and so the fires are not usually devastating. When the Sun heats the Earth's surface, the ground heats the air above it. anywhere. Opportunities and Challenges in the Sahara Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Thar Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Western Desert. "In the last part of the season, January, February and March, 2021, most parts of Zambia will have a high chance of receiving normal to above normal rainfall. It comprises an almost impenetrable bush consisting of about a hundred plant species woven together so densely that it is virtually impossible to walk through. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecoregions_of_Zambia&oldid=1108887041, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. red sandveld soils cover most of the country, and are generally not very fertile due to weathering and leaching; the top soil is sandy and is more fertile where the top soil has a higher clay content. Sustainable development in the desert The Great Green Wall. 58.5. Stage 2. Light rain describes rainfall which falls at a rate of between a trace and 2.5 millimetres (0.098 in) per hour. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Evaporation and rainfall. i) The rainfall is heavy and falls throughout the year, averaging about 2 000 mm. Sustainable development in the Temperate Deciduous Woodland. It covers: Covering about 15% of the country in the south, and drier than the Central Zambezian ecoregion, trees in this ecoregion are more scattered and generally smaller, and the relative proportion of woody shrubs is greater. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. A warmer climate with more rainfall means more vegetative cover and more animal action. Population Zambia's population is about 10.9 million (2004), of which 64 percent is rural (Table 1). Climate information for Zambia including average temperature, rain and snowfall totals. Rain clouds gather over grain silos in the grain-producing region of the Overberg . Where are polar and tundra environments located? The Zambia Agribusiness and Trade Project (ZATP), which has a current total of $40 million in funds (2016-2024), is a flagship project that aims to deliver on the government's Jobs and Economic Transformation agenda. ZATP is a "private sector led" initiative to help emerging commercial farmers and Micro-, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) become competitive by improving their access to . 1.2 Zambia Figure 1: Shows the study area (Zambia), marked green on the map of Africa. Earlier this month, heavy rains left the Chipata Level One Hospital in the capital, Lusaka, completely flooded, leading to the evacuation of some patients. Such communities are said to be edaphic, and are found on grey dambo soils, black floodplain soils and Kalahari sands. Castleton A tourist honey pot in The Peak District, Case Study Inner City Redevelopment Londons Docklands. 82.8. They all help to determine the kind of soils in an area. STUDY OF SOIL Kalahari Sands in the south-west of the country are infertile and do not retain moisture, so are dominated mostly by deep-rooted trees with little growth in the understorey. There is no significantly discernable trend in the frequency of heavy rainfall events in recent years (McSweeney et al, 2010). this is a type of rainfall that occurs when air has blown over the sea and is then being forced up over an area of high land. Zambia, a country located in southern Africa, is almost entirely covered by a plateau, which tempers the climate, making the temperature generally acceptable for most of the year. Case study 7: Exploring daily rainfall data to investigate evidence of climate change in southern Zambia and its implication for farmers in the area Parin Kurjia, Durton Nanja b, Roger Sternc a Head, Biometry Unit, Department of Crop Science, University of Nairobi, P.O. chemistry Relief rainfall occurs in all altitudes; Rain occurs on the Windward side and little/no rain on the leeward slope. In neighbouring Lumezi District, around 60 families had to leave their houses. The main aspects of the physical environment which determine the biomes and ecoregions of Zambia are: climate, specifically rainfall amount, length of the dry season, and temperature, which is related to elevation; and soils and bushfires. What is Nigerias location and importance? The Zambia PPCR is both strategic and transformational. It Part of the industrial area flooded. Climate information for Zambia including average temperature, rain and snowfall totals. This indicates that groundwater in Zambia usually has very low concentrations of dissolved constituents (total dissolved solids concentrations are typically less than 200 mg/l). kcse revision notes The main impact pathway of climate change in the country is through increasing variability in rainfall amounts during the agricultural season across the various agroecological regions, and shifts in the duration of the rainy season. pp (EUR), Zambia: Use the images below to explore related GeoTopics. Private tourMid-rangeLodge & Self Catering Accommodation, You Visit: Lusaka (Start), Lower Zambezi NP, South Luangwa NP, Mfuwe (End), 468 At that time many camps in Kafue, Lower Zambezi and the more remote parks shut down. Indeed, the government buys maize from the farmers through the Food Reserve Agency (FRA) for two purposes: for resale to millers in case of a shortage and for relief in hunger stricken areas. The best time to visit Zambia is from May to August. Rainfall amount is the most important determinant of the type and distribution of ecoregions. This causes air to cool and moisture in the air to condense into rainfall. Can the risks of volcanic eruptions be reduced? to 716 pp (EUR), Zambia: mathematics past papers So technically, Zambia is a very arid country with a humid and subtropical year with small patches of semi arid steppe. 6 as the area had been experiencing a drought before the floods began. For plants this includes the deciduous habit (losing leaves to conserve water), very deep root systems, water-storing roots and tubers, waxy leaf cuticles, and drought-resistant seeds. What are the effects of economic development in Nigeria on quality of life? As a result, rainfall totals of over 1,600 mm per year occur in the . How is a cold environment interdependent? "The government of Zambia has an interest in maize, that's why they go in . The presence of fire-adapted plants and palaeoecological studies indicate that such fires have happened for millennia. Over most of South Africa, there is a definite rainfall pattern with rainfall increasing from west to east. If you've found the resources on this page useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); ACSEE REVIEW QUESTIONS In some years, it moves south of Zambia, leading to a "little dry season" in the north of the country for three or four weeks in December. necta csee past paper How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Mumbai? civics What are the impacts of industry on the physical environment? The term low relief in geography describes landforms that are This means it has a greater ability to carry water moisture and so there is little rain on the far side of the mountain. Hydropower, based on dammed surface water reservoirs, is a key part of Zambias energy mix, but poor rainfall (e.g. necta csee chemistry past papers What are the causes of deforestation in the Amazon? SafariBookings is the largest online marketplace for African safari tours. The hot surface heats up the air near it causing it to rise. How do changes affect the balance of an ecosystem? In south India, the Mangalore is located on the western windward slope and gets 2000 mm of rainfall. history of South Africa Most rivers, lakes and swamps are permanent, except in the hotter, drier south. The average temperatures are between 66F and 87F. As the air moves over the mountain range and starts to descend, it warms. You can join us here to take actions to help achieve an end to hunger. How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality? As a result, rainfall totals of over 1,600 mm per year occur in the west of the UK. On older flat maps, you may see areas In the Kppen climate classification, most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry, with small patches of semi-arid steppe climate in the south-west. Flooding is an annual event on floodplains, to which people and wildlife are adapted. The rain can be cooling, unlike in the humid tropics. Crops are frequently damaged by flooding and hail. necta biology past paper How have animals adapted to cold environments? Human and physical factors causing river flooding. 3.2 Wetlands 3.3 Zambia has Eight Wetlands of International Importance which include, the Kafue Flats . Heavy rainfall has driven flash and riverine flooding in Zambia, including in areas previously impacted by severe drought. Southern areas of Madagascar are facing a very poor early stage of the season, with potential impacts persisting from the significant drought of the previous growing season of 2019-2020. (4) J2002 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION Farmers in the east and south of In January the ITCZ is in its southernmost Historically, Zambia has been prone to extreme rainfall events resulting in widespread flooding. To identify risk factors associated with death from cholera, a case-control mortality study was conducted during January 12-March 26, 2018, with 32 . Convectional rain. The rains are brought by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and are characterised by thunderstorms, occasionally severe, with much lightning and sometimes hail. OCHA coordinates the global emergency response to save lives and protect people in humanitarian crises. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Quick NetOne, Telecel, Africom, And Econet Airtime Recharge, Advantages and Disadvantages of wood as a source of energy, Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectricity, Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar energy, Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear power as a source of energy, Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural gas as a source of energy. Seasons. [17][citation needed] The Government of Zambia, like many other countries, had recognised the need to "integrate gender concerns" into all major policies and plans. 6 2.1 Climate of Zambia . Rainfall amount is the most important determinant of the type and distribution of ecoregions. Tunisia Case Study. When classified according to the rate of precipitation, rain can be divided into categories. Due to high rainfall and bad roads, the Wet season months from December to March are not ideal for visiting Zambia. the rain season ranges from 120 to 150 days.The soils are highly leached and generally acidic, . kcse resources english language past papers the total land area estimated at 64 million hectares most of which is administered traditional under customary law.The total area of indigenous forest in Zambia is 44.6 million hectares and covers 60 percent of the total land area, out of which 9.6 percent are gazetted forests. Lusaka City natural surface drainage (Natural Surface Water Flow Pattern) pp (EUR), Zambia: See answer (1) Best Answer. ), a member of the legume family. Warm wet air is forced to rise over high land. Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Humanitarian organizations were already providing life-saving assistance due to drought in some of the areas affected by the floods, especially in southern and western Zambia. condense into a cloud and then rains. Erosion and the washing out of roads and bridges are common. Entertainment Editor. landforms. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Relief rainfall, also known as orographic rainfall, occurs in areas where land increases height. Convection makes the air rise and cool. The ecoregion has suffered extensive deforestation, especially in the highly urbanised Copperbelt Province due to charcoal production and clearing for farming, the centre of Central Province (for farming and ranching), and around Kasama and Mansa (charcoal production and chitemene farming). history During the 2019/2020 rainy season, Zambia recorded above normal rainfall which resulted into flooding and dry spells in isolated parts of the country particularly in Western Province. This is because vulnerability to climate shocks was engendered. What are the different types of weathering? Frontal rain produces a variety of clouds, which bring moderate to heavy rainfall. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya Zambia has seen an increase in intercropping between the two years, with 7 percent of the surveyed households adopting intercropping between 2012 and 2015, Physical relief maps actually have raised areas that represent different elevations. The highest rainfall is in the north (about 1200 . On the plateau (covering about 80% of the country) mean minimums for June in the cool dry season are in the range 612C, mean maximums for October, the hot dry season are 2835C. Stage 1. A total of 98 deaths occurred during October 4, 2017-May 12, 2018, in Lusaka; 40 (41%) deaths were reported by cholera treatment centers (CTCs), and 58 (59%) deaths occurred in the community. However, these regular droughts have become more extreme and more unpredictable due to climate change.In fact studies based on dendrochronology, or tree rings dating, confirm that drought affected by global warming goes back to 1900.. Rainfall. Through Strategic National Program Support, the PPCR is helping to make climate change an intrinsic part of economic development, while adopting a participatory, learning-by-doing response to Zambia's most vulnerable areas. Second, the near bisection of the continent by the Equator results in a largely symmetrical arrangement of climatic zones on either side. Rainfall in Lusaka amounts to 850 mm (33.5 in) per year, with a maximum from December to February, when about 200 mm (8 in) of rain fall per month, while from May to October, it almost never rains. The SE Trades are forced to rise by the mountain, cool and condense and rain occurs on the South Eastern slopes or the windward slopes of the mountain. For animals, adaptations to drought are seen in migration and breeding patterns, as well as the ability, found in rodents and reptiles especially, to obtain water requirements from food without the need to drink. This warm, moist air then rises, and as it rises, it cools. -. [5][citation needed]. As the air rises, it cools and condenses. Zambia particularly in the field of gemstone and industrial mineral, which offer great potential. In Barotseland, people move with their livestock, grazing them on the Barotse Floodplain in the dry season and moving to higher ground at the margins during the rainy season. Open a list of all cookies, Below you can decide which type of cookies you would like to keep switched on. Why are deserts located along the tropics? There are reports that more than 2 million people may be affected by the damage to agriculture. 15.099 Zambia experiences good rainfall, with extremes of 500 to 1400mm (most areas fall into the range 700 to ) in a distinct rainy season of four to six months centred on January, when the moist intertropical convergence zone is over the country. Waterspouts can be seen over lakes. Zambia is considered to be vulnerable to climate change. Bush fires range across most of the country in the later dry season, escaping from "chitemene cultivation" and caused by villagers burning off crop residue or hunting, as well as by lightning strikes. The best is that Maphill enables you to look at the same country from many different angles. What are shanty town improvement schemes? Why is the Human Development Index important? Prevailing winds are not usually very strong and a lack of a great deal of dry fuel on the ground (since most areas are burnt annually it does not build up) means that the fires are not as devastating as in countries such as Australia and the south-western USA. Much of the ecoregion in Southern Province (sometimes referred to as the Southern Plateau) and the south-east of Eastern Province (sometimes referred to as the Eastern Plateau) has been cleared for farming and ranching. Three climate regions are recognized based on rainfall dynamics and vegetation: Region 1: Tropical savannas covering the country's major valleys, including the driest areas of Zambia, with annual rainfall below 600m m. What is chemical and mechanical weathering? It rains mostly on the windward slopes. Along the banks of permanent rivers and in the spray of waterfalls are evergreen thickets similar in character to tropical rainforest, relics of a wetter past. None of the country is arid. He holds an Honours in Accountancy degree from the University of Zimbabwe. Flooding in some parts of Lusaka. csee necta questions Zambia Meteorological Department GENERAL SITUATION Generally, much of Zambia is likely to receive Normal to Above Normal rainfall during the 2019/2020 rainfall season. Before the floods, more than 2.3 million people were expected to be severely food insecure during the lean season (October 2019 March 2020), with at least 430,000 of them in Emergency (IPC 4). Limestone Case Study Malham, The Yorkshire Dales. Because such fires happen annually, there is no great buildup of dry fuel in the bush, and so the fires are not usually devastating. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, United Nations COVID-19 Emergency Appeal Zambia (May - October 2020), Zambia Humanitarian Appeal, October 2019 - March 2020, ACAPS Briefing Note: Drought Southern Province (11 July 2019), Zambia: Flood in Southern Province - DREF Application (MDRZM019). Stephen is a travel writer and avid conservationist whose work appears in prestigious magazines such as Africa Geographic and Travel Africa. National Parks of the country like the Luangwa National Park, Kafue National Park, etc., act as wildlife havens. One way in which temperature affects the distribution of large mammals is through the distribution of the tsetse fly, which, within its range is found in hotter valleys rather than the higher, cooler plateau. Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes, Effects of earthquakes and volcanoes on people and the environment, Reducing the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes, Population and settlement iGCSE Geography, The main causes of a change in population size, A country with a rate of high population growth China, A country which is over-populated Bangladesh, A country which is under-populated Australia, A country with a low rate of population growth or decline Japan. By. Safaris, Madagascar GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests biome, Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome, Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic, Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. Types of Rainfall. Too much rain when the maize crop is flowering or late in the season when it should be drying off prior to harvest, can be very damaging and promotes rotting of stored grain. It occurs only on: The great freshwater lakes of Tanganyika, Mweru, Bangweulu and Kariba (an artificial reservoir), together with the smaller lakes such as Mweru Wantipa and Itezhi-Tezhi reservoir, and numerous lagoons and swamps cover about 5% of Zambia. However, parts of Muchinga and Northern provinces as well as Mansa, Ndola, Kabompo, Senanga, Livingstone and surrounding areas are likely to receive normal to below normal rainfall. [2][citation needed], Deciduous trees which lose leaves in the dry season to conserve water predominate over evergreens which have waxy leaf cuticles for the same purpose. Convectional rainfall occurs when the land warms up and heats None of the country is considered arid or to be desert. On the plateau (covering about 80% of the country) temperature ranges, depending on location are: Most of the country is frost-free but in some years ground frost occurs. kcse Populations living within the 5 km buffer from the main river systems and wetlands lose their dwellings either due to high levels of river water or structures collapsing due to excess rainfall. The broad types of soil found in Zambia are: In areas where soils are waterlogged for all or part of the year, or are very infertile, sandy or acidic, they take over from climate as the predominant factor in determining the distribution of plants and animals. Which landforms result from moving or melting ice? The climate of the capital, Lusaka, is the same as that of the higher areas of central and southern Zambia, including Kafue National Park. Zambia. Plants, animals and people have evolved to this cycle which in Zambia has been fairly reliable, and it brings a number of ecological advantages which promote biodiversity. and 1,000 B.C. Leguminous tree species dominate, which are deciduous, losing leaves in the dry season and producing a flush of new leaves, often reddish, just before the onset of the rains. k) Highland areas along the equator experience modifi ed equatorial climate. What is the difference between a tornado and a hurricane? In the UK prevailing winds from the west lead to air rising over upland areas such as the Rocky Mountai. Q Explain why Sialkot has over 250 mm of rain in July and August? During the rainy season months of November to April or May some days may be humid, but daily maximum temperatures are usually a little lower than in the hot dry season. types of rainfall in zambia - medvetnaval.org 1.1 Zambia and REDD+ readiness 1 1.2 Activities under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate . Here are the three main types of rainfall: Relief Rainfall. Extreme weather in the UK Beast from the East, Extreme Weather in the UK Summer Heatwave 2018. The dry season lasts 68 months, divided into the cool dry season or winter from April or May to August, followed by the hot dry season, September to November. Zambia - Zambia - Climate: Although Zambia lies within the tropics, its climate is modified by the altitude of the country and is generally favourable to human settlement and comfort. The elevation of the great central African plateau on which Zambia is located, typically between 1000 and 1300 metres, modifies temperatures, which are lower than for coastal areas at the same latitude, and pleasant for much of the year. This chain is exploited by birds in their migration and in former times, animals also migrated along the chain. She writes for national newspapers, magazines, Rough Guides and Lonely Planet. Compared to many other Southern African countries, Zambia has relatively abundant land and water. Safaris. Tours, Zambia POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT Much of the economic, cultural and social life of the country is dominated by the onset and end of the rainy season, and the amount of rain it brings. Plains are low relief Results when near saturated, warm maritime air is forced to rise by a coastal mountain barrier. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.
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