The allies also exchanged plant use knowledge and traded plant commodities. This medicinal herb can be chewed as a cure for toothaches and sore throats, made into cough syrup, or placed on the hot stones in the sweatlodge to create a decongestant steam. The title of the memoir, Bitterroot , is an homage to Harness' roots as someone who grew up in the state of Montana which takes the bitterroot flower as its state flower. Although the original field copy of the agreement, which remains in the National Archives, has no "x" besides Charlo's name, the official copies that Congress had voted on had an "x" by his name. Unfortunately, this seems to be a common theme among European-American and American Indian interactions. In fact, were it not for fire, certain seral species (plants which have an intermediate role in forest community succession) might completely disappear from an area. The Flathead Salish were not dependent upon fishing and built fewer canoes than their neighbors to the north. It is still widely used in the Native American community, but its popularity has spread to other practitioners and users of traditional medicine. The Blackfeet referred to meat as natapi waksin or real food and to anything else edible as kistapi waksin or nothing foods. Ceremonialism surrounding plant use was important to both Salish and Ktunaxa peoples. In those sad days there lived a righteous old woman, the wife of a medicine man. When you are first trying bitterroot, start with small doses, as the absorption of many of the herbs components is variable in your digestive system, so be mindful of its effects on you. Generally migratory in their life style, they lived within the natural limits of their environment rather than altering it to suit their needs. We must find this plant called nawakosis and we must learn the sacred ways so that we can share them with the people.. You must do this, said the head beaver, because these animals represent the life force of water. A Women & Native-owned company. ed.). With slightly different emphasis in quantities, the Salish used the same plants as the Ktunaxa. Thank you Spirit Guides, they lead me to it. Beside the root bag is her long, sharp, two-handed iron digging tool. This page was last edited on 13 February 2023, at 12:31. There is little doubt that Native people regard plants as having spirits; that they gather plants with social and religious ceremony; that they consume plants in a preservationist and prayerful manner; and that they thank the spirits for everything they are given. A Women & Native-owned company. In the later half of the twentieth century, Salish people completed academic degrees and expanded their political influence. Lodgepoles for tipis had to be replaced yearly. While nettles and thistles might have seemed a simple nuisance to the uninformed, upon observation of animals eating them and after testing, native botanists found uses for them as medicines, food, dyes and even material for fabric. The biological diversity of the W-GIPP ecosystem must be maintained for future generations. The reservation is home to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes made up of the Bitterroot Salish, Pend d'Oreille and Kootenai peoples. It wasn't York's choice to join the expedition. In the meantime, it failed to uphold its promise to keep settlers out of the valley. The Salish and Ktunaxa people were especially wary of attack during the seasons for gathering bitterroot and camas in the western valleys. Your basket is empty. One of the lesser-known uses of bitterroot was as a general tonic for the nervous system. Dark, shiny seeds are enclosed in an ellipsoid capsule 5-6 mm long. The beavers placed the seeds into the medicine bundle that the woman had prepared. Tribal elders say that the tribes started to break into smaller groups as the population became too big to sustain its needs in just one central location. Lewisia rediviva is a low-growing perennial plant with a fleshy taproot and a simple or branched base. It was, after all, a new gift from the Creator. They knew the habitat and uses of most plants in their territory. The Salish joined the other tribes on the reservation to create the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes (CSKT). (A west side plant story) Our actions must not contribute to this problem. The ecological importance of the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park area for the future cannot be overemphasized. In 1953, when the U.S. government targeted the tribes for termination, the CSKT cultivated support from Montana politicians and successfully defended against the attack. [12], The bitterroot was selected as the Montana state flower in 1895. I use it for anxiety and a sleep aid! Bitterroot is a culturally significant plant for several Native American tribes in the West, including Flathead, Kootenai, Nez Perce, Paiute, Shoshoni, and others. Scientific name: Ligusticum porter ) A decoction of the roots or seeds is used to treat poor circulation, fevers, bronchitis, and cramps. [8] Plains Indians peeled and boiled the root prior to its consumption. The Bitterroot Salish (or Flathead, Salish, Sli) are a Salish-speaking group of Native Americans, and one of three tribes of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation in Montana. Particularly in conditions of chest pain from heart conditions, such as angina, bitterroot was administered to quickly eliminate pain. According to the terms, the valley would be surveyed, after which the president would determine whether the Bitterroot reservation or the Flathead reservation would be "better adapted to the wants of the Flathead tribe. The Bitterroot Salish . In Bitterroot Susan Devan Harness traces her journey to understand the complexities and struggles of being an American Indian child adopted by a white couple and living in the rural American West. D. Native American Ethnobotany. He saw that the four medicine men had received a gift from the spirits and that they had refused to share. Selected journal excerpts, 14 May 1804-23 September 1806. Navigation. Find all things huckleberry at the Huckleberry Patch Alpine Grill and Gift Shop in Arlee.View wildlife on the Bison Range on the Flathead Reservation, then stop to view the sturdy brickwork and spectacular wall . The potentially antioxidant elements of this powerful herb can stimulate growth and eliminate free radicals that speed up the aging process of the skin, keeping you looking young and beautiful for years. [19], In October 1889, retired general Henry B. Carrington arrived in the Bitterroot to negotiate with the Salish and convince them to move to the Flathead once and for all. [8]. The Ktunaxa considered black tree lichen to be a staple food and ate as much as 25 pounds per person per year in various mixtures. The devastation of the buffalo herds in the 1870s and 1880s forced them to turn to farming and ranching. As an analgesic substance, bitterroot was used for injuries, recovery from surgery, headaches, and general soreness of muscles throughout the body. (1998). Some of WGIPPs alpine plant species occur in the central Rockies and range little further north than here, while some boreal tundra species reach their southern limits in the alpine environment. If collected early enough in the season,[5] they can be peeled, boiled, and made into a jelly-like food. The Salish did build fish weirs and traps and did some cooperative fishing with the Ktunaxa. After a landmark court decision, the state will try to remake education in a way that prioritizes those students. [2] By request, a Catholic mission was built here in 1841. [17], The Bitterroot Salish continued to practice their seasonal round in the Bitterroot Valley as long as possible. Nonetheless, they made use of at least 185 species of plants for food, medicine, ceremonial, and construction purposes. Mix the soil in equal portions of brown and black and till it often. John Staughton is a traveling writer, editor, publisher and photographer with English and Integrative Biology degrees from the University of Illinois in Champaign-Urbana (USA). [2], A beautiful bitterroot flower in a garden. | Illustration by Morgan Krieg. The treaty provided for the Flathead Indian Reservation in the lower Flathead River Valley, where the tribes would be moved. The cambium can be eaten and the sap used medicinally. There was also variation in the extent to which bands and tribes gathered plants and traveled for trade within the area that is now the International Peace Park. By the 1830s, Jesuit-educated Iroquois trappers had settled in the Bitterroot and told the Salish about the "powerful medicine" of Catholicism. The mountains provided a respite from the summer heat on the prairie. By fall of this year, 123 Salish had moved from the Bitterroot Valley to the reservation. When Harness was fifteen years old, she questioned her adoptive father about her "real" parents. Unbalanced or unhealthy diets were most often due to a scarcity of food rather than poor eating habits. The Bitterroot Salish weathered all of these attacks and created a community on the reservation. A Salish tribal elder peels spetlem ("bitter"), and tosses each root onto the drying pad before her. The Kalispel and Pend d'Oreille ranged from what is now western Washington, through the Pend d'Oreille Lake/Priest River area in what is now Idaho, to Camas Prairie and the present St. Ignatius area of western Montana. Several of their traditional stories give accounts of Blackfeet raids during the harvest. [4], The Bitterroot Salish are known by various names including Salish, Selish, and Flathead. The U.S. government officially recognizes 574 Indian tribes in the contiguous 48 states and Alaska. In fact evidence indicates that the dwarfed groves of trees at Logan Pass did extend higher up the mountains in the recent past. Bitterroot Flower. On the final night of their instruction the beavers presented them with a plant that looked like a common weed. Bull-by-Himself and his worthy wife cultivated their garden in a prayerful manner as they had been instructed. These hunters and gatherers harvested plants and animals throughout the year. Forests Born of Fire [6], Research has shown that bitterroot can have a positive effect on the symptoms of diabetics, helping them maintain a stable level of blood sugar in their system, preventing the peaks and troughs that can lead to dangerous diabetic shock. This also made bitterroot a popular remedy for those suffering from arthritis, gout, and various gastrointestinal disorders. Bitterroot ("Sinkpe") $3.00 Reviews (4) Description Sinkpe Tawote; Acorus Calamus, also known as Sweet Flag Root, is one of the most popular Lakota Sioux Indian medicines. [3] The petals (usually about 15) are oblong in shape and are 1835 millimetres (341+38in) long. Bitterroot, often called gentian, is used in Europe as a treatment for anemia. But the bitterroot was the clear winner with 3,621 votes, and has been our state flower . The surrounding areas and most of the country in general are under intensive management for the production of food, lumber, and mineral resources. To increase transparency to the user, we provide reference links marked by numbers in parentheses in the copy of the article. In her frustration, the woman took her knife and cut into the side of the lodge. Starch granules Centric hilum. Our articles are evidence-based and contain scientific references, fact-checked by experts. The Corps of Discovery embarks from Camp Dubois outside of St. Louis, Missouri, in a 55-foot keelboat to begin the westward journey up the Missouri River. An eye wash prepared from a brown eyed Susan might be useful in treating sore eyes, or a tea made from the secretions of milk weed might induce the flow of milk for a new mother. As The Sun rose up over the mountains and peered down into the valley, he was greatly sorrowed to hear the old womans death chant. We will come to visit you in your lodge., That very evening four beavers came to visit the worthy couple. It helps to regulate my pre- diabetes. Coyote, however, left many faults such as greed, jealousy, hunger, envy, and many other imperfections that we know of today, Within many of the Coyote stories, there are vivid descriptions relating to the history of the geological events that had occurred near the last ice age. "Flathead and Pend d'Oreille". Hispanic, Native American, and low-income students have long struggled in New Mexico's public education system. The oldest turned to Bull-by-Himself and asked, Why have you come to this place?, I have come in search of the sacred herb nawakosis and its ceremonies., You have come to the right place worthy brother. The Flathead Reservation is home to the Kootenai and Pend d'Oreilles tribes also. Due to the distance between the Nez Perce Tribal headquarters at Lapwai, Idaho and the Bitterroot National Forest headquarters in Hamilton, Montana, less on-the-ground collaboration occurs . last updated - July 30, 2021 Everyday Bull-by-Himself went in search of nawakosis and everyday he returned with plenty of game but no sacred herb. Mary Ann Pierre was about ten years old in October 1891, when American soldiers arrived to "escort" the Salish people out of the Bitterroot region and to the Jocko (now Flathead) Indian Reservation. Carling I. Malouf. Many medicinal plants are burned and inhaled, cooked and used in the form of a poultice, or simply rubbed on the ailing portion of the body, but the great majority of medicines are boiled and consumed as a tea. The excess can be blotted out gently using a tissue. However, Salish oral histories and newspaper accounts indicate that troops were present during the removal. They asked for the "literal execution" of the Hellgate treaty, but Carrington did not acknowledge their request. By the time European adventurers arrived in the 15th century A.D . A new species of mint reveals a use to the sense of smell and taste. In "Bitterroot," a Native transracial adoptee explores identity, race, and belonging By Rose Aguilar. Native Americans, also known as American Indians and Indigenous Americans, are the indigenous peoples of the United States. Long before White Contact to the "New World" the Native Americans had many kinds of celebrations for the four seasons. With a strong Indian heritage and a name derived from the leader of the Lewis and Clark expedition, the Bitterroot was chosen as a state symbol. One day, as his wife knelt by the tipi door scraping a hide, she heard beautiful music coming from the shore of the lake. This juice also helps in soothing acidity. Author Jennifer Greene Grade Level K-2 3-5 With her face to the ground and her old gray hair spread about her head she wept bitter tears as she wailed a song of death. In addition to serviceberries, they were heavily dependent upon chokecherries, and huckleberries. Over 1400 plant species occur in the Park. Its fleshy leaves will lay upon the ground and a beautiful flower will rise up to the Sun. It is strong medicine. During and after the removal to the Flathead, the Salish had to contend with broken government promises. The Future When these things had been revealed to them by the spirits and after the brothers had found the sacred herb, made their pipes of bone, learned the proper songs, prayers, and dances; they sat down to smoke. The Blackfeet tribes made extensive use of lodgepole pine, camas, bitterroot, serviceberries, chokecherries, sages, and many other plants. They improve digestion & heart health, boost immunity, slow aging, and aid in weight loss. Oral tradition and contemporary accounts of the traditional and ceremonial importance of WGIPP area are numerous. RM M41J55 - Flathead People or Native American Bitterroot Salish Blinding Rival in Flathead Nation in Montana, United States (Engraving 1879) RM EX1X39 - Mandan religious ceremony - the last race or Eh-ke-na-ka-nah-pick, part of the four-day O-Kee-Pa buffalo dance. "Flathead and Pend d'Oreille". . Instead, they believe that this name caught on because of the sign language which was used to identify their people: Pressing both sides of the head with your hands which meant "we the people". Native Americans and Plant Use Traditional The Plants of Waterton Glacier International Peace Park Though he had grown up side-by-side with William Clarkfuture leader of the first-known . The North American bison population had dwindled to about one million, due to a deliberate campaign to exterminate them. While both tribes were serious and devout in their ceremonials, Salish ceremonials were generally a bit more solemn and lasted longer than those of the Ktunaxa. They preferred the hides and meat of mountain animals like big horn sheep, elk, moose, and woodland caribou. When her husband returned she took him to the lodge to hear the music but he could hear nothing. Then again, York didn't have a say in the matter. [10], The roots were consumed by tribes such as the Shoshone and the Flathead Indians as an infrequent delicacy. Remembering Xalqs's prophecy, the Salish sent delegations in 1831, 1835, 1837, and 1839 to St. Louis asking for Black Robes to come to the valley. Pollen and food remnants indicate that the plant resources used then are virtually identical to plants available in the area today. The specimens he brought back were identified and given their scientific name, Lewisia rediviva, by a German-American botanist, Frederick Pursh. A time lapse film set for a period of 2,000 years might show forests moving up and down the slopes of Logan Pass several times as climactic changes occurred. Some species spread seed into an area year after year without successful germination. Montana designated bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva) as the official state flower in 1895. Every spring and summer you can find the Bitterroot growing around the base and valleys of mountains of western Montana. Many Salish people chose to adopt elements of Catholicism that were complementary to their own beliefs, including ideas of "generosity, community, obedience, and respect for family. She looked high and low for the source of the beautiful voices, but could find nothing until she came to the site of a beaver lodge. I have been chewing this for a tooth ache for three days, document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) Prairie Edge Trading Co. & Galleries. He sent Coyote ahead as this world was full of evils and not yet fit for mankind. TEXT Connected to Everything: A story from the Bitterroot Salish "Connected to Everything" is a story written by Jennifer Greene and published in the Fall 2009 issue of Teaching Tolerance. [12], In 1855, Isaac Stevens, the Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Washington Territory, invited Victor (Xwex cn), head chief of the Bitterroot Salish; Tmx cn (No Horses or Alexander), head chief of the Pend d'Oreilles; and Michelle, head chief of the Kootenais to a council in present-day Missoula, Montana. The government viewed them as U.S. citizens who had severed tribal relations, but the people still saw themselves as an independent tribal community. Such a nice root to have in case of emergency.This was an item I thought would be great to have on hand. The North Fork prairies harbor an island of vegetation including Palouse grasses characteristic of grasslands to the south and west in Idaho, Oregon and Washington. "Flathead and Pend d'Oreille". [7], Although some people with overly sensitive stomachs claim that bitterroot makes them ill, in traditional medicine, bitterroot was actually used to soothe upset stomachs, even earning itself the nickname of Indian Tums, as Native Americans swear by chewing the leaves or eating the root flesh whenever they have any gastrointestinal issues. A drive across Glaciers Going-to-the-Sun Road or a hike from passes through life zones that can only be duplicated by travelling 1800 miles north at a constant elevation. [11] The Salish did not embrace all Catholic teachings, however. Out Bitter Root is used in traditional ceremony by the native peoples of the North American plains, the genus and species is Acorus calamus. The Nyack Valley, for instance, was so important to the Salish that it is specifically mentioned in traditional stories. With her family and three hundred members of her tribe, Mary Ann tearfully left the homeland where her people had lived for millennia. The oldest brother, feeling powerful, wise and clear-headed, said to his brothers: This thing we will call nawakosis. [5], The people are an Interior Salish-speaking group of Native Americans. The root is burned and the smoke inhaled deeply through the nose to relieve headache and to eliminate sinus infections. Lake bottom core samples indicate that lodgepole pine proliferated in the wake of receding Ice Age glaciers. "[14] In the meantime, the U.S. government was to keep white settlers out of the Bitterroot Valley. This Native American herb can also be used by singers to keep their voices strong. The Salish resided mainly in the valleys and had access to such root crops as bitterroot, camas, biscuit root, wild carrots, and onions. While we are aware of the ability of animals to move and adapt to changes in their environment, there is a tendency to think of plants as stationary organisms with little ability to adapt or move. It can also be identified by its small white flowers and wrinkled, dark brown roots. Powwow Grounds Expo New Mexico/Tingley Coliseum. It may also have an effect on circulation and blood vessel dilation, relieving excess stress on the cardiovascular system. In 1872, Congressman James A. Garfield arrived to negotiate the removal. MontanaHarvest and Mystery at Little Bitterroot have been top ten bestsellersin the Native American Literature category on Amazon.com with Mystery at Little Bitterroot achieving the#1 Hot New Release in that category formore than two weeks during April, 2016. So special that it is even a part of the Nez Perce cultural origin story. The scientific name of this herb isLewisia rediviva, [1] and itis native to North America, where it can grow in rocky soil, grasslands, or forest environments. Each year, in the moon of deep water, they will see the return of the blossoms and say, See, there is the silver hair of our mother upon the ground and there are the rosy wings of the spirit bird. Compare that with the non-Native American children removal rate of 5 percent. Elders later remembered the three-day, sixty-mile journey as a funeral march. 606 Main Street Rapid City, SD 57701. We will keep it to ourselves and we will have even greater power. They were chosen by the High Ones to bring tobacco, its pipes, prayers, songs, dances, and ceremonials to the people. Courtesy Al Schneider. April 28-30, 2022. The flower stems are leafless, .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}13 centimetres (381+18in) tall, bearing at the tip a whorl of 56 linear bracts which are 510mm long. Bitterroot: A Salish Memoir of Transracial Adoption [American Indian Lives] | Books & Magazines, Books | eBay! Centuries afterward, the Salish languages had branched into different dialects from various regions the tribes dispersed to. Now it is time to plant the seed, said the beavers. Bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva) is a small perennial herb in the family Montiaceae. The scientific name of this herb is Lewisia rediviva, [1] and it is native to North America, where it can grow in rocky soil, grasslands, or forest environments. Based on Lewis and Clark's manuscript, Pursh labeled it "spatlum"; this apparently was actually a Salishan name for "tobacco". The DAR has long had an interest in Native Americans. [11] The Lemhi Shoshone believed the small red core found in the upper taproot had special powers, notably being able to stop a bear attack. Lodgepole pine is thin, strong, straight and lightweight. This is a very powerful herb, so in high concentrations, can have significant effects on the body. There were and are so special that their appearance was and is believed to be an omen or portent. (An east side plant story) The Lewis and Clark Journals: An American Epic of Discovery (abridged) by Gary E. Moulton (University of Nebraska Press, 2003). The Early Salish Various containers were woven and built from cedar roots and bark, birch bark, tules, and hemp. The Cut Bank Creek area was a favorite collection site for lodgepoles. We guarantee quality, sustainable wild-crafted herbs. An enduring part of the culture and landscape of this region, the bitterroot was voted the Montana state flower in 1894. Albuquerque, NM, U.S.A. Last Updated on October 19, 2022 by Paul G. About Paul G. Here is the step-by-step method to use lemongrass. In 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant issued an executive order to remove the Salish from the Bitterroot. [22] They left the valley on October 15, 1891. Plant uses are sometimes revealed to worthy individuals through visions, dreams or as a gift from a spirit guardian; but most uses are determined through observation and testing. The Spokane language (npoqnicn) spoken by the Spokane people, the Kalispel language (qlisp) spoken by the Pend d'Oreilles tribe and the Bitterroot Salish (sli) languages are all dialects of the same language. From 1790 to 1840 they were not identified at all. The roots were dried and were often mixed with . In Bitterroot Susan Devan Harness traces her journey to understand the complexities and struggles of being an American Indian child adopted by a white couple and living in the rural American West. Flowers have 10-19 petals which close each night, opening again with the morning sun. He also made many promises to the people: they would get to pick out good farms on the Flathead reservation, they would receive assistance with plowing and fencing their new farms, every family with children would get a cow, and they would receive rations until the move or until they received money from the sale of their Bitterroot lands. There are over 450 sites. My sons have nothing to eat and will soon be dead, she sobbed. The Early Blackfeet The Bitterroot region and the Salish people share a long mutual history. Sometimes Native Americans resort to an observational technique called the doctrine of signatures by early Europeans. Plants on the Move The husband hunted and his wife prepared the skins of all the water animals. "[15], The question of a Bitterroot reservation was left in limbo when Congress failed to ratify the treaty until 1859. Taproot is thick, fleshy and radiating. Typically, a person known for powers as a medicine woman or medicine man will carefully test the properties of a plant. Native American. The Salish and Ktunaxa people were especially wary of attack during the seasons for gathering bitterroot and camas in the western valleys. Now, lets take a closer look at the health benefits of bitterroot. Park and forest managers are now studying and implementing prescribed burn and controlled burn policies in order to promote more natural patterns of plant succession and diversification. Compare Compare 0. Hunting and gathering are not simply activities done in order to make a living, they are a religion and a way of life. Coyote killed them, changed them into tall rocks, and said, "You will always be there." There the tall rocks still stand. The numbing effects of bitterroot, when eaten, can also soothe sore throats. The 1839 delegation convinced Father Pierre-Jean DeSmet, S.J., to visit Salish territory. He co-founded the literary journal, Sheriff Nottingham, and now serves as the Content Director for Staind Arts, a non-profit based in Denver, Colorado. 1998, This page was last edited on 19 October 2022, at 19:23. About 350 chose to be baptized, including several leaders: Tjolzhitsay (Big Face), Walking Bear, and Victor ( Xwex cn or Many Horses). Archaeological evidence indicates that early people had migrated into North America in pursuit of animal herds as long as 40,000 years ago. With no meat and no fish to eat, her sons were doing their best to get by on some old dried up shoots of balsamroot. From 1969-74, 25-34 percent of all Native American children were removed from their homes on a temporary or permanent basis and passed into the system of federal schooling, foster care, or adoption. It was also frequented by other tribes including the Nez Perce. by John Staughton (BASc, BFA) In fact plants have evolved many devices and techniques for protection, proliferation, and transportation. Visit OurMotherTongues.org to learn more. It is important to respect Native American beliefs within their cultural context. Although there are no two places in the Park which provide precisely the same habitat and resultant biotic communities, there are some general community types that can be examined at various elevations and locations throughout W-GIPP. The Flathead Reservation is home to the Kootenai and Pend d'Oreilles tribes also. WGIPPs native flora are one measure of the high level of biodiversity present in this protected area. Elizabeth Miller May 17, 2019. Prior to contact the tool was either made of a fire-hardened willow stick with part of . [4]. A fire clears away the forest canopy or the carpet of leaves and needles on the forest floor, allowing plants to grow where they could not previously survive. [9], In the summer of 1840, 1,600 Salish and Pend d'Oreilles met DeSmet at Pierre's Hole. Pomelos are rich in vitamin C & potassium among other nutrients & antioxidants. Health benefits of apple cider vinegar include its ability toregulate blood sugar levels, boost weight loss,improve skin & gut health, & lower cholesterol levels.Read more! An archaeological survey of the immediate environs of Waterton Lakes and Glacier National Parks have confirmed a long and significant history of presence and use by the tribes that reside in the neighboring area today and by many other Native groups.
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